0 0 m -1 0.333 l -1 -0.333 l h 0 0 m -1 0.333 l -1 -0.333 l h 0 0 m -1 0.333 l -0.8 0 l -1 -0.333 l h 0 0 m -1 0.333 l -0.8 0 l -1 -0.333 l h 0.6 0 0 0.6 0 0 e 0.4 0 0 0.4 0 0 e 0.6 0 0 0.6 0 0 e 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 e 0.6 0 0 0.6 0 0 e 0.4 0 0 0.4 0 0 e -0.6 -0.6 m 0.6 -0.6 l 0.6 0.6 l -0.6 0.6 l h -0.4 -0.4 m 0.4 -0.4 l 0.4 0.4 l -0.4 0.4 l h -0.6 -0.6 m 0.6 -0.6 l 0.6 0.6 l -0.6 0.6 l h -0.5 -0.5 m 0.5 -0.5 l 0.5 0.5 l -0.5 0.5 l h -0.6 -0.6 m 0.6 -0.6 l 0.6 0.6 l -0.6 0.6 l h -0.4 -0.4 m 0.4 -0.4 l 0.4 0.4 l -0.4 0.4 l h -0.43 -0.57 m 0.57 0.43 l 0.43 0.57 l -0.57 -0.43 l h -0.43 0.57 m 0.57 -0.43 l 0.43 -0.57 l -0.57 0.43 l h 0 0 m -1 0.333 l -1 -0.333 l h 0 0 m -1 0.333 l -0.8 0 l -1 -0.333 l h 0 0 m -1 0.333 l -0.8 0 l -1 -0.333 l h -1 0.333 m 0 0 l -1 -0.333 l 0 0 m -1 0.333 l -1 -0.333 l h -1 0 m -2 0.333 l -2 -0.333 l h 0 0 m -1 0.333 l -1 -0.333 l h -1 0 m -2 0.333 l -2 -0.333 l h 128 400 m 128 592 l 112 416 m 416 416 l $i_D$ (total) $v_D$ (total) 264 464 m 328 464 l 288 440 m 288 504 l i_d v_d 256 432 m 320 496 l 288 424 m 288 408 l V_D 120 464 m 136 464 l I_D 316 488 m 316 476 l 304 476 l slope $=$ 128 416 m 200 428 300 436 320 528 324 592 c I_D n V_T 356 516 m 380 516 l i_D = I_S \exp\left(\frac{v_D}{n V_T}\right) (i_d, v_d) small-signal i_D = I_D + i_d v_D = V_D + v_d (I_D, V_D) DC bias point 128 464 m 288 464 l 288 416 m 288 464 l \mathrm{lower}_{\mathrm{UPPER}} \mathrm{UPPER}_{\mathrm{UPPER}} \mathrm{lower}_{\mathrm{lower}} \mathrm{UPPER}_{\mathrm{lower}} -- total signal -- DC bias point -- $\Delta$ small signal -- phasor \underline{Signal quantity notation}