1. Review from circuits

impedance, complex

polar coordinates magnitude and phase

L, C vs freq Z = R + jX Y = G + jY

S-parameters, S11, S21 return loss reflection coefficient transmission gain

Smith chart

dB relative power gain

matching series, shunt tee and pi networks

transmission lines characteristic impedance velocity factor time domain reflections hw: measure length of cables with TDR and oscilloscope. compare with actual stubs and matching

coaxial cable losses

PCB transmission lines microstrip stripline

Connectors for RF signals BNC SMA N MCX (other common small ones (??))

2. Measurement equipment

quantities

  • total power

  • magnitude at X frequency

  • (relative) phases

2.1. Oscilloscope

time phase delay

still useful!

TDR distance to fault

2.2. Spectrum Analyzer

tracking generator

traditional sweep tuner resolution bandwidth sweep rate

real-time spectrum analysis

time vs freq vs amplitude

2.3. Vector Network Analyzer

2.4. Signal generators

modulation inputs

(tracking generators again)

vector signal generator

noise sources power spectral density

2.5. Receivers

3. Modulation basics

linear systems

multiplication ← → convolution

trig identities. double angle

3.1. Nonlinear issues

P1dB compression point

IP3

2-tone intermodulation

4. Antennas

circuit modelling

radiation resistance impedance

pattern directivity gain isotropic

reciprocal: TX and RX performance are the same

dipoles short half wave

patch antenna

polarization pol losses linear circular